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BIOLOGY Scientific Inquiry
The skills of scientific inquiry, including a knowledge of the use of tools, will be assessed cumulatively on statewide tests. Students will therefore be responsible for the scientific inquiry indicators from all of their earlier grade levels. A table of the K–12 scientific inquiry standards and indicators is provided in appendix A.
Standard B-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scientific inquiry and technological design, including mathematical analysis, can be used appropriately to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions.
Indicators
B-1.1 Generate hypotheses based on credible, accurate, and relevant sources of scientific information.
B-1.2 Use appropriate laboratory apparatuses, technology, and techniques safely and accurately when conducting a scientific investigation.
B-1.3 Use scientific instruments to record measurement data in appropriate metric units that reflect the precision and accuracy of each particular instrument.
B-1.4 Design a scientific investigation with appropriate methods of control to test a hypothesis (including independent and dependent variables), and evaluate the designs of sample investigations.
B-1.5 Organize and interpret the data from a controlled scientific investigation by using mathematics, graphs, models, and/or technology.
B-1.6 Evaluate the results of a controlled scientific investigation in terms of whether they refute or verify the hypothesis.
B-1.7 Evaluate a technological design or product on the basis of designated criteria (including cost, time, and materials).
B-1.8 Compare the processes of scientific investigation and technological design.
B-1.9 Use appropriate safety procedures when conducting investigations.
BIOLOGY
Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.
Indicators
B-2.1 Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells).
B-2.2 Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
B-2.3 Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
B-2.4 Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems).
B-2.5 Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transport serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell.
B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.
B-2.7 Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division.
B-2.8 Explain the factors that affect the rates of biochemical reactions (including pH, temperature, and the role of enzymes as catalysts).
BIOLOGY
Standard B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems.
Indicators
B-3.1 Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process.
B-3.2 Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
B-3.3 Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—namely, adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups—and summarize its function (including the ATP-ADP [adenosine diphosphate] cycle).
B-3.4 Summarize how the structures of organic molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to their relative caloric values.
B-3.5 Summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body.
B-3.6 Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, number pyramids, and biomass pyramids).
BIOLOGY
Standard B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity.
Indicators
B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs.
B-4.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins.
B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (including transcription and translation).
B-4.5 Summarize the characteristics of the phases of meiosis I and II.
B-4.6 Predict inherited traits by using the principles of Mendelian genetics (including segregation, independent assortment, and dominance).
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel’s principles of genetics.
B-4.8 Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.
B-4.9 Exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the principles of modern genetics.
BIOLOGY
Standard B-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life.
Indicators
B-5.1 Summarize the process of natural selection.
B-5.2 Explain how genetic processes result in the continuity of life-forms over time.
B-5.3 Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival.
B-5.4 Explain how genetic variability and environmental factors lead to biological evolution.
B-5.5 Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology that underlies the theory of biological evolution.
B-5.6 Summarize ways that scientists use data from a variety of sources to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.
B-5.7 Use a phylogenetic tree to identify the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms.
BIOLOGY
Standard B-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.
Indicators
B-6.1 Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems.
B-6.2 Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors).
B-6.3 Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.
B-6.4 Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).
B-6.5 Explain how ecosystems maintain themselves through naturally occurring processes (including maintaining the quality of the atmosphere, generating soils, controlling the hydrologic cycle, disposing of wastes, and recycling nutrients).
B-6.6 Explain how human activities (including population growth, technology, and consumption of resources) affect the physical and chemical cycles and processes of Earth.
The skills of scientific inquiry, including a knowledge of the use of tools, will be assessed cumulatively on statewide tests. Students will therefore be responsible for the scientific inquiry indicators from all of their earlier grade levels. A table of the K–12 scientific inquiry standards and indicators is provided in appendix A.
Standard B-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how scientific inquiry and technological design, including mathematical analysis, can be used appropriately to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions.
Indicators
B-1.1 Generate hypotheses based on credible, accurate, and relevant sources of scientific information.
B-1.2 Use appropriate laboratory apparatuses, technology, and techniques safely and accurately when conducting a scientific investigation.
B-1.3 Use scientific instruments to record measurement data in appropriate metric units that reflect the precision and accuracy of each particular instrument.
B-1.4 Design a scientific investigation with appropriate methods of control to test a hypothesis (including independent and dependent variables), and evaluate the designs of sample investigations.
B-1.5 Organize and interpret the data from a controlled scientific investigation by using mathematics, graphs, models, and/or technology.
B-1.6 Evaluate the results of a controlled scientific investigation in terms of whether they refute or verify the hypothesis.
B-1.7 Evaluate a technological design or product on the basis of designated criteria (including cost, time, and materials).
B-1.8 Compare the processes of scientific investigation and technological design.
B-1.9 Use appropriate safety procedures when conducting investigations.
BIOLOGY
Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.
Indicators
B-2.1 Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells).
B-2.2 Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
B-2.3 Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
B-2.4 Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems).
B-2.5 Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transport serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell.
B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.
B-2.7 Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division.
B-2.8 Explain the factors that affect the rates of biochemical reactions (including pH, temperature, and the role of enzymes as catalysts).
BIOLOGY
Standard B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems.
Indicators
B-3.1 Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process.
B-3.2 Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
B-3.3 Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—namely, adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups—and summarize its function (including the ATP-ADP [adenosine diphosphate] cycle).
B-3.4 Summarize how the structures of organic molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to their relative caloric values.
B-3.5 Summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body.
B-3.6 Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, number pyramids, and biomass pyramids).
BIOLOGY
Standard B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity.
Indicators
B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs.
B-4.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins.
B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (including transcription and translation).
B-4.5 Summarize the characteristics of the phases of meiosis I and II.
B-4.6 Predict inherited traits by using the principles of Mendelian genetics (including segregation, independent assortment, and dominance).
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel’s principles of genetics.
B-4.8 Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.
B-4.9 Exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the principles of modern genetics.
BIOLOGY
Standard B-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life.
Indicators
B-5.1 Summarize the process of natural selection.
B-5.2 Explain how genetic processes result in the continuity of life-forms over time.
B-5.3 Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival.
B-5.4 Explain how genetic variability and environmental factors lead to biological evolution.
B-5.5 Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology that underlies the theory of biological evolution.
B-5.6 Summarize ways that scientists use data from a variety of sources to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.
B-5.7 Use a phylogenetic tree to identify the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms.
BIOLOGY
Standard B-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.
Indicators
B-6.1 Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems.
B-6.2 Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors).
B-6.3 Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems.
B-6.4 Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).
B-6.5 Explain how ecosystems maintain themselves through naturally occurring processes (including maintaining the quality of the atmosphere, generating soils, controlling the hydrologic cycle, disposing of wastes, and recycling nutrients).
B-6.6 Explain how human activities (including population growth, technology, and consumption of resources) affect the physical and chemical cycles and processes of Earth.